Introduction

• Our data is under constant threat, but how can we defend ourselves?

Privacy

• Keeping people away from things you don’t want them to see
• Computers are among the lease secure devices you own
  • Data or files are stored on them as 0s and 1s
    • Can be financial info, photos, etc.

Deleting Files

• What does it mean to delete a file off of a hard drive?
  • Visually, it disappears from a desktop or folder
• Files are stored on a computer as 0s and 1s
• Some space needs to be allocated for the file
• The operating system has a file that keeps track of files an their location on disk
• Graphically, when a file is deleted, it moves to the trash (or recycle bin)
  • It can still be easily revived from here, until you empty the trash
• However, an operating system doesn’t actually delete it from the hard drive
  • It simply forgets the location and existence of the file!
  • One can theoretically recover data by looking for familiar patterns of bits
• So how do we delete more securely?
  • Re-saving a file with overridden information actually could not override the old bits but rather create more 0s and 1s stored on a hard drive!
  • Special software can wipe data off of a hard drive
• Who do computers have this obvious flaw with deleting?
  • What if we accidentally delete a file?
    • This structure allows for recovery
  • Wiping data also takes a lot of time, so it’s much faster to just forget locations of data

Cookies

• A feature supported by HTTP
• Little values a web server puts on a user’s browser
• Used to remember if a user has visited a website before
  • Allows you to not have to log in every time you visit or refresh a page
    • When you log into a web server, a cookie is planted on your browser
  • Stored in a database
  • Browser will send value to web server to remind of previous login
• When we make a request we send:

GET / HTTP/1.1
Host: example.com

• We receive:

    HTTP/1.1 200 OK
    Set-Cookie: session=29823bf3-075a-433a-8754-707d05c418ab
  

  • The server gives us a cookie.
• A cookie is like an ink-based hand stamp for an amusement park or club
• Wireless information can be intercepted
  • What if a hacker could obtain the cookie
    • Session hijacking attack
    • If you have already logged in, hacker can pretend to be you
• Encryption scrambles this value so hackers cannot easily use it
• Browser history remembers everywhere you’ve been and everything you’ve done there
  • Convenient if you want to recall a website you’ve visited
    • But, so can anyone else with access to your browser
• Can clear browser history and cookies
  • History likely not securely scrubbed
  • Will protect you from nosey friends
  • Websites will forget you visited as the cookies will be deleted as well!

Incognito Mode

• Can open up a typically different colored browser window
• Use if you want history automatically removed
• Useful when building a website as sometimes you want a browser to forget old iterations of your website build

Authentication

• All of this assumes you log in
• If you don’t use a passcode to protect your device, anyone can pretend to be you
  • What if you lose your phone or device?

Passwords

• On a phone could only be a few digits
  • Not super secure

  ---

    - With numbers, each space has 10 options
    - 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 = 10,000 possibilities
    - 0000-9999
  

• On many smartphones, you will have to wait for an amount of time if you have entered a bad passcode
  • Slows down the process of someone guessing
• Add more digits or letters of the alphabet
• Using a-z, A-Z, 0-9

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• Each space now has 62 options (26 + 26 + 10)
• 62 x 62 x 62 x 62 = 14,776,336 possibilities
• Maybe you’re super secure and you have a 20-char password
  • You could forget it
  • Annoying to type in repetitively
• No one fits all
  • Short = bad, longer = good
  • Don’t use popular words and phrases
    • Hackers will look for words or common phrases
• Most common Passwords
  1. 123456
  2. 123456789
  3. qwerty
  4. 12345678
  5. 111111
  6. 1234567890
  7. 1234567
  8. password
  9. 123123
  10. 987654321
• Hackers have dictionaries of bad passwords that they can search through and try
• Random passwords
  • Usually have to confirm so it can be hard to replicate
• Using numbers to represent letter is common
  • 1 for l
  • 4 for A
• It’s suggested you mix uppercase, lowercase, and and throw in numbers
  • Good to use misspellengs
• Don’t put your post-it with your password on your monitor!
• Constant password changes can be a net negative
  • Can encourage easier passwords to help with memorization

Password Resetting

• What if you forget your password?
  • Often can click on a link to reset your password
    • Asks you to type email address or username
  • Typically, you get an email with a link
    • Hopefully this goes back to the same website!
    • It likely has a random value in the URL
  • Once back at the website, you update your password
• The website has a database
  • It generated a random number and stored it with a note indicating password recovery
  • The website assumes that anyone who has access to this value and to the user’s email is you
• Typically, tech staff can’t tell you what your password is
  • Odds are your password is encrypted (scrambled) or, more technically, hashed in their database
• Getting a password in email means that the password are not hashed or encrypted!
  • Also, sending a password over email opens that email to interception
  • This is a red flag if a website does this

Using The Same Password

• You may have a favorite password that you reuse
  • Upside is that it’s convenient
• However, what if one of the websites are hacked?
  • A hacker may try to use the password on other websites to see what she or he can get into!

Password Managers

• Difficult to remember all these passwords
• Software called password managers exist that store on your phone or hard drive all usernames and passwords in an encrypted way
  • You have a master password that logs you into everywhere!
    • Store it physically in somewhere like a safety deposit box
• Password managers create long random passwords and will log in for you
  • All websites have different passwords!
• However, if you lose the master password, you cannot get the accounts back!

Two Factor Authentication

• First factor is a password
  • Historically, something “only” the user knows
  • Can be guessed

• Second factor should be fundamentally different

  • Should be something you have

    • An RSA device displays a unique value that is synced with a server

      

      • This number needs to be typed in too!
      • As long as this device isn’t stolen by someone with your password, they can’t get in as easily
    • Phones now run software that allows you to get a code and type them in
• Should think about what websites you care about the most and enable two factor authentication
  • Some companies can use sms (text messages)

Network security

• So many of our current networks are wireless
  • You probably been conditioned to look for free wifi
    • Sometimes still might not connect for various reasons
• If the wireless connection has not padlock (no password to log in) the connection is not secure
  • You may still visit https or secure websites
  • However, everything you do on http sites can be seen

• What to do?

  • Don’t use that network

  • Use a VPN (Virtual Private Network)

    • Connection to internet is encrypted

      

      • With an unsecured connection, anyone can access your data

VPN

• First establish encrypted connection to a server and let this server communicate for you
  • The connection between the VPN server and website can still be insecure!
• Because we are encrypting data through an algorithm, using a VPN can slow down speed

Firewall

• A physical firewall is a wall between connected buildings that prevents the spread of fire
• In the world of computer science, a firewall is software that looks at IP addresses and helps keep bad guys out and user data inside
• Helps prevent people from accessing your computer

Encryption

• Suppose I want to send a secret message for “HI”
  • HI ➟ IJ
  • Change each letter by 1
  • The recipient needs to know how it changed to revert
• Plaintext ➟ Cyphertext ➟ Plaintext
  • HI ➟ IJ ➟ HI
• This is called a caesar cypher
  • Rotational cyphers are not that secure
    • Can be guessed easily
    • Not used for internet encryption
  • For this to work, recipient needs the key
    • To know the key, we need to agree in advance
      • Can’t send it encrypted as well as they need the key!

Public Key Cryptography

• The last example with a caesar cypher is secret-key cryptography
  • Only one key

• In public key cryptography there are two keys, one public and one private

  • Mathematical relationship between them

  • Use public key to encrypt, private key to decrypt

    

  • Bob’s private key can undo the effects of his public key

  • When Bob responds…

    

  • Bob sends a message using Alice’s public key

• Your browser has its own public and private keys
  • So does websites like Google and Amazon
    • This allows them to communicate securely with you
• Often this processes is used to exchange a secret key

Phishing

• These kind of attacks have become so prevent that the following has been posted around Harvard’s campus
• Phishing attacks are when an adversary sends a somewhat official-looking email
  • May contain a link asking for a password or account info
  • The email may contain an elaborate backstory “justifying” the request
  • The malicious email is trying to obtain information from you
• Odds are that the link provided doesn’t go to the website being claimed
  • Can go to a website that looks legit
    • People can just copy HTML
• Results in giving up private information
• It’s healthy to distrust most email you get
  • Don’t follow links, type in the address for the company yourself
  • Sketchy emails may have typographical errors

Malware

• Malicious software can also be sent via email
• Windows is particularly vulnerable
• Software can be injected into your browser and your computer to erase your hard drive, make your computer send spam, or hold your data hostage
• Some malware encrypts your data and asks for large sums of money to get the key to decrypt it
  • Key could not even work!
  • This is called ransomware
• Malware can ultimately do anything on your computer

Trust

• At the end of the day, all of security and privacy boils down to trust
  • People around you
  • Algorithms/software
  • Manufacturers
• We’ve downloaded software with trust that it will only do what it claims
  • Word could log your key strokes
  • Chrome could monitor you even when not on Google’s website
  • Snapchat could not delete posts after being seen
• There have been cases where software was written to cover tracks of being monitored!
• Who’s to say the software we’re using is actually doing what we say?
• It’s east to curl up into a ball and worry, but we need to decide who to trust
• Security measures make it more difficult for someone to be malicious, but ultimately they can’t guarantee privacy
• You have to decide what data you’re comfortable with storing, what you view on the internet, who to trust, and how much to trust them